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一、安装

1. windows

  • 下载msi安装包
  • 按照提示安装

1.1. mysqld的一些操作

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:: 初始化配置，会创建data目录
mysqld --initialize-insecure

:::::::::: 服务相关 ::::::::::
:: 安装服务
mysqld --install
:: 卸载服务
mysqld --remove mysql

踩坑记

1) MYSQL报错 Failed to find valid data directory.

  • 先删除自己建立的data目录
  • 管理员使用cmd
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:: 看服务中mysql注册的是什么服务，可能叫mysql80
net stop mysql
mysqld --remove mysql

:: 重新初始化配置
mysqld --initialize-insecure
:: 安装服务
mysqld --install

:: 启动服务
net start mysqld

二、配置

  • 推荐的一套配置
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#
## my.cnf for 8.0版本
## author: yejr(yejinrong@zhishutang.com, http://imysql.com, QQ: 4700963)
##
## 叶金荣(yejr)
## 国内知名MySQL专家，MySQL布道师，Oracle MySQL ACE Director，腾讯云TVP成员。
## 微信公众：老叶茶馆(imysql_wx), 博客：https://imysql.com
## QQ群: 125572178
## 注意：个别建议可能需要根据实际情况作调整，请自行判断或联系我，本人不对这些建议结果负相应责任
## 本配置文件主要适用于MySQL 8.0版本
#
[client]
port	= 3306
socket	= /data/mysql/mysql.sock

[mysql]
prompt = "\u@mysqldb \R:\m:\s [\d]> "
no_auto_rehash

[mysqld]
user	= mysql
port	= 3306
#主从复制或MGR集群中，server_id记得要不同
#另外，实例启动时会生成 auto.cnf，里面的 server_uuid 值也要不同
#server_uuid的值还可以自己手动指定，只要符合uuid的格式标准就可以
server_id = 3306
basedir	= /usr/local/mysql
datadir	= /data/mysql
socket	= /data/mysql/mysql.sock
pid_file = mysqldb.pid
character_set_server = UTF8MB4
skip_name_resolve = 1
#若你的MySQL数据库主要运行在境外，请务必根据实际情况调整本参数
default_time_zone = "+8:00"
#启用admin_port，连接数爆满等紧急情况下给管理员留个后门
admin_address = '127.0.0.1'
admin_port = 33062

#performance setttings
lock_wait_timeout = 3600
open_files_limit    = 65535
back_log = 1024
max_connections = 512
max_connect_errors = 1000000
table_open_cache = 1024
table_definition_cache = 1024
thread_stack = 512K
sort_buffer_size = 4M
join_buffer_size = 4M
read_buffer_size = 8M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
thread_cache_size = 768
interactive_timeout = 600
wait_timeout = 600
tmp_table_size = 32M
max_heap_table_size = 32M

#log settings
log_timestamps = SYSTEM
log_error = /data/mysql/error.log
log_error_verbosity = 3
slow_query_log = 1
log_slow_extra = 1
slow_query_log_file = /data/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time = 0.1
log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1
log_throttle_queries_not_using_indexes = 60
min_examined_row_limit = 100
log_slow_admin_statements = 1
log_slow_slave_statements = 1
log_bin = /data/mysql/mybinlog
binlog_format = ROW
sync_binlog = 1 #MGR环境中由其他节点提供容错性，可不设置双1以提高本地节点性能
binlog_cache_size = 4M
max_binlog_cache_size = 2G
max_binlog_size = 1G
binlog_rows_query_log_events = 1
binlog_expire_logs_seconds = 604800
#MySQL 8.0.22前，想启用MGR的话，需要设置binlog_checksum=NONE才行
binlog_checksum = CRC32
gtid_mode = ON
enforce_gtid_consistency = TRUE

#myisam settings
key_buffer_size = 32M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M

#replication settings
relay_log_recovery = 1
slave_parallel_type = LOGICAL_CLOCK
slave_parallel_workers = 64 #可以设置为逻辑CPU数量的2倍
binlog_transaction_dependency_tracking = WRITESET
slave_preserve_commit_order = 1
slave_checkpoint_period = 2

#mgr settings
loose-plugin_load_add = 'mysql_clone.so'
loose-plugin_load_add = 'group_replication.so'
loose-group_replication_group_name = "aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaa1"
#MGR本地节点IP:PORT，请自行替换
loose-group_replication_local_address = "172.16.16.10:33061"
#MGR集群所有节点IP:PORT，请自行替换
loose-group_replication_group_seeds = "172.16.16.10:33061,172.16.16.11:33061,172.16.16.12:33061"
loose-group_replication_start_on_boot = OFF
loose-group_replication_bootstrap_group = OFF
loose-group_replication_exit_state_action = READ_ONLY
loose-group_replication_flow_control_mode = "DISABLED"
loose-group_replication_single_primary_mode = ON
loose-group_replication_communication_max_message_size = 10M
loose-group_replication_unreachable_majority_timeout = 30
loose-group_replication_member_expel_timeout = 5
loose-group_replication_autorejoin_tries = 288

#innodb settings
transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 45875M
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 4
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 #MGR环境中由其他节点提供容错性，可不设置双1以提高本地节点性能
innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
innodb_log_file_size = 1G #如果线上环境的TPS较高，建议加大至1G以上，如果压力不大可以调小
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_undo_log_size = 4G
# 根据您的服务器IOPS能力适当调整
# 一般配普通SSD盘的话，可以调整到 10000 - 20000
# 配置高端PCIe SSD卡的话，则可以调整的更高，比如 50000 - 80000
innodb_io_capacity = 4000
innodb_io_capacity_max = 8000
innodb_open_files = 65535
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_lru_scan_depth = 4000
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10
innodb_rollback_on_timeout = 1
innodb_print_all_deadlocks = 1
innodb_online_alter_log_max_size = 4G
innodb_print_ddl_logs = 1
innodb_status_file = 1
#注意: 开启 innodb_status_output & innodb_status_output_locks 后, 可能会导致log_error文件增长较快
innodb_status_output = 0
innodb_status_output_locks = 1
innodb_sort_buffer_size = 67108864
innodb_adaptive_hash_index = OFF
#提高索引统计信息精确度
innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages = 500

#innodb monitor settings
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_innodb"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_server"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_dml"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_ddl"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_trx"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_os"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_purge"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_log"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_lock"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_buffer"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_index"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_ibuf_system"
innodb_monitor_enable = "module_buffer_page"
#innodb_monitor_enable = "module_adaptive_hash"

#pfs settings
performance_schema = 1
#performance_schema_instrument = '%memory%=on'
performance_schema_instrument = '%lock%=on'

[mysqldump]
quick

1. 配置查看

  • mysql默认配置在/etc/my.cnf
  • 查看当前mysql的配置使用命令
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mysql> show variables like '%sort_buffer_size';
+-------------------------+---------+
| Variable_name           | Value   |
+-------------------------+---------+
| innodb_sort_buffer_size | 1048576 |
| myisam_sort_buffer_size | 8388608 |
| sort_buffer_size        | 524288  |
+-------------------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. 配置说明

2.1. mysqld配置

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[mysqld]
# 写入数据库时innodb引擎的大小，调大可以加快写入引擎的速度
innodb_sort_buffer_size = 512K
# 单条sql语句的排序使用内存，跟引擎无关，只对查询生效
sort_buffer_size = 512K
# mysql中调用concat命令的最长可以concat大小
group_concat_max_len = 1024

########## innodb相关配置 ##########
# 死锁检测，会自动检测死锁并执行回滚，不开启会等待超时，如果超时也没开就卡死
innodb_deadlock_detect = ON
# 启动标准监控，会打印日志到log_error变量指定的文件中，监视活动事务持有的表锁、行锁；事务锁等待；线程信号量等待；文件IO请求；buffer pool统计信息；InnoDB主线程purge和change buffer merge活动。
innodb_status_output = ON
# 同上添加额外的锁信息
innodb_status_output_locks = ON
# 将每一次死锁的信息都输出到日志中，仅输出 LATEST DETECTED DEADLOCK 部分
innodb_print_all_deadlocks = ON

三、命令

1. 查看相关

1.1. 查看历史执行的sql语句记录

查看当前日志配置

  • log_output是FILE，会记录在general_log_file里面
  • log_output是TABLE，会记录在mysql.geral_log表里面
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mysql> show variables like '%general_log%';
+------------------+---------------------------+
| Variable_name    | Value                     |
+------------------+---------------------------+
| general_log      | OFF                       |
| general_log_file | /var/lib/mysql/sql.log |
+------------------+---------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like '%log_output%';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| log_output    | FILE  |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

打开日志

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mysql> set global log_output = 'FILE,TABLE';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global general_log = 'ON';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看文件

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=> tail -f /path/to/log
2022-02-19T03:15:02.002365Z     941903 Prepare  SELECT * FROM `uem_app_wp` WHERE (`app_type`=?) AND (updated_at < ?) AND (`state` IN (?,?))
2022-02-19T03:15:02.002444Z     941903 Execute  SELECT * FROM `uem_app_wp` WHERE (`app_type`=1) AND (updated_at < '2022-02-19 11:14:02') AND (`state` IN ('2','3'))
2022-02-19T03:15:02.003244Z     941903 Close stmt
2022-02-19T03:15:02.286509Z     941910 Connect  sdpSys@localhost on sdp using SSL/TLS
2022-02-19T03:15:02.287029Z     941910 Query    select @@version_comment limit 1
2022-02-19T03:15:02.287341Z     941910 Query    select count(distinct name, domain) from user_online_status_v2
2022-02-19T03:15:02.288005Z     941910 Quit

查看数据库

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mysql> select * from mysql.general_log order by event_time desc limit 5\G;
...

1.2. 查看建表语句

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mysql> show create table test_table;

1.3. 查看数据库表都有哪些索引

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mysql> show index from resource;
+----------+------------+-------------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
| Table    | Non_unique | Key_name          | Seq_in_index | Column_name     | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | Visible | Expression |
+----------+------------+-------------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
| resource |          0 | PRIMARY           |            1 | id              | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL |      | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| resource |          0 | resource_name     |            1 | name            | A         |          24 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
| resource |          1 | resource_group_id |            1 | group_id        | A         |           3 |     NULL |   NULL | YES  | BTREE      |         |               | YES     | NULL       |
+----------+------------+-------------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.29 sec)

2. json操作

2.1. 查询

  • ->使用双引号包裹
  • ->>不使用双引号
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mysql> select id, config -> '$.config.url' as requestUrl, config ->> '$.config.url' as requestUrl1 from auth_plugin_template where id='8d5cdeb4-e2db-11ea-9a8c-fefcfead2706';
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| id                                   | requestUrl                    | requestUrl1                 |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| 8d5cdeb4-e2db-11ea-9a8c-fefcfead2706 | "https://qyapi.weixin.qq.com" | https://qyapi.weixin.qq.com |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+

2.2. 更新

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mysql> update tab_json set data = json_set(data, "$.passcode", "654567") where id = 1;

3. 内置数据库

3.1. information_schema

1) tables表

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mysql> select * from information_schema.tables\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
  TABLE_CATALOG: def
   TABLE_SCHEMA: sdp                -- 数据库名
     TABLE_NAME: device_approval    -- 数据表名
     TABLE_TYPE: BASE TABLE
         ENGINE: InnoDB
        VERSION: 10
     ROW_FORMAT: Dynamic
     TABLE_ROWS: 0
 AVG_ROW_LENGTH: 0
    DATA_LENGTH: 16384
MAX_DATA_LENGTH: 0
   INDEX_LENGTH: 65536
      DATA_FREE: 0
 AUTO_INCREMENT: NULL
    CREATE_TIME: 2022-03-04 15:50:48
    UPDATE_TIME: NULL
     CHECK_TIME: NULL
TABLE_COLLATION: utf8mb4_bin
       CHECKSUM: NULL
 CREATE_OPTIONS:
  TABLE_COMMENT: 授信终端用户申请表
1 rows in set (0.02 sec)


4. 基本操作

4.1. 数据库操作

  • 语法
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CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] <数据库名>
[[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET <字符集名>]
[[DEFAULT] COLLATE <校对规则名>];

4.2. 数据表操作

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-- 创建数据表
CREATE TABLE `emm_data` (
  `id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `path` varchar(512) COLLATE utf8mb4_bin NOT NULL,
  `size` int unsigned NOT NULL,
  `modify` date DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `emm_data_path` (`path`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin

-- 删除数据表
drop table emm_data

-- 对某个表加一列
alter table log add column logDate datetime default NULL comment '日志时间' after id;

---------- 事务操作 ----------
-- 启动事务
start transaction;
-- 回滚事务
rollback work;
-- 提交事务
commit work;

1) 索引

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-- 创建索引，多个列就是联合索引
mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name ADD INDEX index_name(column_name,...)
-- 删除索引
mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name;

2) 查看列详细信息

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mysql> SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM table_name WHERE Field='column_name';

示例

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mysql> SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM resource WHERE Field='name';
+-------+-----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field | Type      | Collation      | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges                      | Comment |
+-------+-----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
| name  | char(255) | gbk_chinese_ci | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |
+-------+-----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

5. 数据库基本类型

类型描述
date日期，精确到天
datetime日期，精确到秒
text纯文本数据，无需限制长度，最大65535，不能设置默认值
char定长，不足会补空格
varchar起始位结束位占3个字节，可以存放65532字节的数据，变长，不需要不会申请空间

6. 列求和

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mysql> select sum(size) from emm_data where id > '5';

7. 添加函数索引

  • 可以对数据库的列添加函数索引，注意函数外面的括号不能少
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mysql> CREATE INDEX gbk_name_idx ON resource ((CONVERT(name USING gbk)));

8. 添加计算列

  • 添加某一列的数据跟随另一列进行计算得到，计算式放as后面
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mysql> alter table resource add column name_gbk varchar(128) character set gbk as (convert(name using gbk));

9. 管理操作

9.1. 设置用户密码

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9.2. 创建用户

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# 创建允许所有地址登陆的用户
mysql> create user 'test' identified by '123456';
# 创建仅允许本机登陆的用户
mysql> create user 'test'@'localhost' identified by '123456';

9.3. 赋予用户权限

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# 授予某个表的查询和删除权限
mysql> GRANT SELECT, DELETE ON database_name.table_name TO 'test'@'localhost';
# 授予所有表的所有权限
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'test'@'localhost';

10. mysql本身的命令

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mysql -h <远程服务器IP地址> -P <端口号> -u <用户名> -p

四、慢查询

MySQL慢查询，一口从天而降的锅！

慢查询就是执行很慢的查询语句，超过配置的时间。一条慢查询可能导致阻塞其他查询语句，造成cpu猛增，影响系统的正常运行

1. 配置

1.1. 查看当前配置

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# 慢查询日志记录开关和位置
mysql> show variables like "%slow_query%";
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Variable_name               | Value                             |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| slow_query_log              | ON                                |
| slow_query_log_file         | /hislog/log/mysql/mysqld_slow.log |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 慢查询时间阈值
mysql> show variables like "%long_query%";
+-----------------+----------+
| Variable_name   | Value    |
+-----------------+----------+
| long_query_time | 5.000000 |
+-----------------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

1.2. 配置文件

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[mysqld]
slow_query_log=ON
slow_query_log_file=/hislog/log/mysql/mysqld_slow.log
long_query_time=5

2. 慢查询日志解读

  • 一条慢查询语句的格式
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# Time: 2023-09-22T02:45:24.805459Z
# User@Host: controller[controller] @ localhost [127.0.0.1]  Id: 563817
# Query_time: 5.969860  Lock_time: 0.000514 Rows_sent: 99967  Rows_examined: 199934
SET timestamp=1695350718;
SELECT resource.id AS id,
                UNIX_TIMESTAMP(resource.created_at) AS created_at,
                UNIX_TIMESTAMP(resource.updated_at) AS updated_at,
                IFNULL(baseline_permission_resource.status, 0) AS baseline_status
                FROM resource
                LEFT JOIN
                baseline_permission_resource ON resource.id = baseline_permission_resource.resource_id
                WHERE resource.status = 1
                ORDER BY CONVERT(resource.name USING gbk) ASC;
  • Query_time: 查询时间
  • Lock_time: 锁定时间
  • Rows_sent: 发送的行数
  • Rows_examined: 检查的行数

3. 分析sql语句

  • 在sql语句前面加上explain，查看执行计划

五、性能和配置调优

1. explain 分析sql语句

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mysql> explain select * from resource order by id asc;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table    | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | resource | NULL       | index | NULL          | PRIMARY | 144     | NULL | 76807 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

1.1. 各字段分析

  • id: 查询序列号，体现优先级，id越大优先级越高，越先被执行
  • select_type: 查询类型
  • table: 表名
  • partitions: 分配到的分区
  • type: 访问类型
  • possible_keys: 可能使用到的索引
  • key: 实际使用到的索引
  • key_len: 索引字段长度
  • ref: 列和索引的比较
  • rows: 扫描的行数
  • filtered: 过滤的比例
  • Extra: 执行情况描述和说明

1) type 访问类型

  • ALL: 全表扫描
  • index: 只遍历索引树
  • range: 只检索给定范围的行，使用一个索引来遍历行
  • ref: 遍历索引树时，对一个或多个列进行引用
  • eq_ref: 对于每个索引键，表中只有一条记录与之匹配
  • const: 表示常量，一般做为查询条件
  • system: 表示系统表

2) Extra 执行情况描述和说明

  • Using index: 查询的数据被索引覆盖，并且where筛选的是前导列，使用索引查找就可以直接找到符合条件的数据，无需回表
  • Using where: 说明mysql将在存储引擎检索行后再进行过滤，没有用到索引，回表查询
  • Using temporary: 对查询结果排序时使用了一个临时表
  • Using filesort: 对结果使用一个外部索引排序，而不是按照索引次序从表中读取行，一般是order by用了其他数据
  • Using index condition: 查询的列不全在索引中，where条件是一个前导列范围
  • Using where;Using index: 查询的列被索引覆盖，where筛选条件也是索引列之一，但不是索引的前导列或出现其他影响了使用索引的情况（如存在范围筛选条件）。此情况下意味着无法直接通过索引查找来查询到符合条件的数据，影响并不大

2. 死锁

六、攻防

1. 无密码登陆数据库

  • 先使用管理员打开cmd，停止mysql服务
  • 执行命令
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mysqld --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking
  • 窗口不关，打开新的窗口输入命令
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mysql -uroot -p
  • 直接回车即可进入mysql

2. 查看其他用户密码

  • 先使用root登陆mysql
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-- 进入到mysql表
mysql> use mysql
-- 查看用户表
mysql> select User,authentication_string from user where user='mysql.sys';
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| User | authentication_string                                                  |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| root | $A$005$THISISACOMBINATIONOFINVALIDSALTANDPASSWORDTHATMUSTNEVERBRBEUSED |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

小技巧和踩坑记

1. 表情符号导致无法插入数据库

  • utf8无法支持表情符号，需要将数据库转到utf8mb4
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ALTER TABLE mirror_user CHANGE name name varchar(128) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin;